加工食品及相关消费品的制造商使用优惠券作为价格歧视的一种方式。尽管优惠券在美国很盛行，在其

他一些国家情况却不同。例如在德国，优惠券是非法行为。

(1)禁止在德国使用优惠券是改善了还是恶化了德国消费者的境况？

(2)禁止在德国使用优惠券是改善了还是恶化了德国生产者的境况？

In Example 11. 1 we saw how producers of processed foods and related consumer goods use coupons as a means of price discrimination. Although coupons are widely used in the United States, that is not the case in other countries. In Germany , coupons are illegal.

a Does prohibiting the use of coupons in Germany make German consumers better off or worse off？

b. Does prohibiting the use of coupons make German producers better off or worse off？